Live from the hen’s egg

Siegfried Machemehl, chairman of the Poultry Breeding Club Göttingen-Grone, provided fertilized eggs of the Marans breed. "The rather large Marans eggs, weighing about 65 grams each, were a real stroke of luck for us. The larger the egg, the more detailed the features we can observe," project leader Roland Tammer reveals. At the beginning of the research project, chicken eggs incubated for ten days were transferred to a regular incubator at the institute at 37.5 degrees Celsius and 70 to 90 percent humidity.

Each day at exactly the same time, researchers Shuo Zhang and Arun Joseph withdrew one of the eggs and adjusted it between the receiver coils normally used to examine human temporomandibular joints. A self-designed breeding cavity, which was ventilated and heated, maintained the breeding conditions during the subsequent measurements in the MRI system.

"Crucial for us was to observe the natural dynamics of the chicken embryo," Tammer emphasizes. The unpredictable movements inside the egg during image acquisition, however, were a true challenge for the scientists. "The stronger the chick moved, the more complicated it became to keep the scan plane and to exactly recognize all the details", Tammer explains. In order to obtain comparable cross-sectional images, the egg was always aligned in the same way. The head of the spirally-rolled bird was the main reference point. "We have focused on the brain and the vitreous body of the eye as bright and distinctive identifying features. These were the easiest to find despite all movements", says the scientist. From day 20 of development on, the researchers also performed longitudinal imaging along the body and documented the positions of the limbs and internal organs. In addition to the observation of the daily embryonic development in detail, the primary research interest focused on the hatch dynamics.

The hatch itself is subject to biological variation. After 18 days, the chick is fully developed, but only after 21 days is it ready to leave the eggshell. The hatching process can take only a couple of hours but can also last up to three days. Hatching of the scanned Marans chick dragged on for more than 36 hours. Including breaks the chick remained 24 of the 36 hours in the MRI system. "It was incredibly exciting to see how his chest worked and what tremendous efforts the chick had to make to get free," the project leader says. In different image series, about 60,000 MRI images were taken within the last 13 hours of hatching alone. From the very last 45 minutes of the hatching process, two videos were produced using the real-time MRI technology termed FLASH 2 and powerful graphics processing computers.

The team of Jens Frahm, head of the Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, developed FLASH 2 in 2010. It allows extremely fast imaging speeds of up to 50 frames per second via the combined use of dedicated acquisition and reconstruction strategies. In contrast to X-ray methods, FLASH 2 – like all other MRI techniques – is harmless to the organism under examination. "Using FLASH 2 we could visualize the chick’s movements inside the narrow eggshell without disturbing it. This method is promising to pave the way for various real-time medical applications," Tammer looks ahead.